Fatty Liver Disease is a progressive condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fat in liver cells, often resulting from metabolic disorders, lifestyle choices, or alcohol intake. When untreated, this buildup can compromise liver function, leading to inflammation (steatohepatitis), fibrosis (scarring), and, in severe cases, cirrhosis or liver failure.

Fatty Liver Disease manifests in two primary types:

1. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD):

   NAFLD is not related to alcohol consumption and is commonly linked to metabolic conditions. It is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases worldwide, especially among individuals with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol). As NAFLD progresses, it can develop into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a more severe form of the disease characterized by liver inflammation, cell damage, and potential fibrosis. In some cases, if NASH is left untreated, it can advance to cirrhosis, which significantly impairs liver function.

   • Prevalence and Risk Factors:
     NAFLD has become a global health concern, largely due to rising obesity rates and an increase in metabolic diseases. In fact, it is one of the leading causes of liver transplants in certain populations. The risk factors for NAFLD include obesity, hypertension, high blood sugar, and a sedentary lifestyle.
     Additionally, genetic factors and gut microbiota imbalances are also believed to play a role in the development and progression of NAFLD.

2. Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (AFLD):

   AFLD is directly caused by excessive alcohol intake, which alters fat metabolism in the liver, leading to fat accumulation. Alcohol impairs the liver’s ability to process fats, causing fat buildup within liver cells. Over time, continuous alcohol consumption results in alcoholic steatohepatitis, marked by liver inflammation, and if left untreated, can lead to alcoholic cirrhosis. Cirrhosis involves irreversible liver scarring, which can ultimately lead to liver failure.

   • Stages of AFLD:
     AFLD progresses in stages, beginning with simple fatty liver (steatosis), followed by alcoholic steatohepatitis (inflammation and liver injury), and potentially advancing to alcoholic cirrhosis. The risk of progression is higher in individuals who have a history of heavy drinking over a prolonged period.
     In addition to alcohol consumption, the presence of metabolic conditions such as obesity and diabetes can exacerbate liver damage and increase the risk of developing more severe forms of AFLD.