Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation. This occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the muscle between the esophagus and stomach, weakens or relaxes inappropriately, allowing acid to enter the esophagus. Persistent acid exposure can lead to complications like esophagitis, strictures, or Barrett’s esophagus, which raises cancer risk.

Common Symptoms:

• Heartburn: Burning sensation in the chest, especially after eating or lying down.
• Regurgitation: Sensation of acid or food moving back into the throat.
• Difficulty swallowing: Tightness or a feeling of food being stuck.

Causes and Risk Factors:

• Diet: Trigger foods include fatty items, caffeine, chocolate, and alcohol.
• Obesity: Extra abdominal pressure can push stomach contents up.
• Smoking: Weakens LES and increases acid production.
• Medications: Some, like NSAIDs and blood pressure drugs, can worsen reflux.

Diagnosis:

• Endoscopy: Visualizes esophagus for inflammation.
• pH Monitoring: Assesses acid levels to confirm reflux.
• Manometry: Measures LES and esophageal muscle function.

Treatment Approaches:

1. Lifestyle Changes: Smaller, frequent meals, avoiding triggers, weight loss, and elevating head during sleep.
2. Medications:
   • Antacids: Provide quick, short-term relief.
   • H2 Blockers and PPIs: Reduce acid production.
   • Prokinetics: Strengthen LES and improve stomach emptying.
3. Surgical Options: Procedures like fundoplication may be considered if lifestyle changes and medications are insufficient.

Early Management helps control symptoms, prevent progression, and improve quality of life by protecting the esophagus from acid damage.